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Dante Alighieri (1265-1321): Life and Legacy
Allegory is a literary representation of an abstract concept or value. Throughout his epic narrative, Dante develops an extended allegory using literal description that carries secondary, symbolic meaning. For example, the opening tercet in Canto 1, "[M]idway in our life's journey, I went astray / from the straight road and woke to find myself / alone in a dark wood," uses such diction as "midway," "journey," "astray," "the straight road," and "dark wood." These literal descriptors help set the allegorical stage on which a world-weary reader raises his eyes heavenward and embarks on the spiritual journey through the netherworld and afterlife alongside Dante.
Terza rima is a stanzaic form invented by Dante for The Divine Comedy, using a chain rhyme in which the second line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the next stanza (aba bcb cdc, etc.). John Ciardi, in his English translation of The Divine Comedy, uses a more fluid form of the tercet (aba cdc efe, etc.), while the last two lines of each canto form a rhyming couplet, creating a more emphatic closure and transition.
Florence and Florentine Tuscan: the Invention of the Vernacular Italian
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Dante penned his Commedia (the epithet "Divine" is a posthumous addition to the original title given by Dante) in his native tongue, Florentine Tuscan--a bold departure from the elite mode of writing, Latin.
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The Invention of the First-person Narrator: the Fountainhead of the Renaissance
Dante, the poet, invents Dante, the allegorical persona, using first-person narration.
Mashing up Greco-Roman with Judeo-Christian: You Know Dante Even If You Do Not
Dante interjects Florentine politics and personal grievances into the Christian universe whose heaven, hell, and purgatory he vividly inscribes with pigments drawn from Greco-Roman mythology and historical references. In a way, he carves the imaginary cities of sinners and of God into the flat surface of the Ptolemaic universe.
The Inferno
Canto I: Introduction--Dante meets Virgil in Dark Wood
Why does Dante have to travel through Hell in order to reach the shining Mount of Joy?
Canto II: The Descent
Why does the poet use an invocation in the first three tercets?
Why does Virgil volunteer to lead Dante through Inferno?
VESTIBULE of INFERNO
Canto III: The Gate of Hell--Crossing the Acheron
Why according to Dante are the opportunists condemned to chase the elusive banner?
Why does Dante swoon while entering Hell?
CIRCLE ONE: LIMBO
Canto IV: the Virtuous Pagans
Who are those condemned to linger in Limbo, Circle One?
CIRCLE TWO: LUST
Canto V: the Carnals
What literary device does the poet use in describing the amorous sinners?
As cranes go over sounding their harsh cry,
leaving the long streak of t heir flight in air,
so come these spirits, wailing as they fly.
And watching their shadows lashed by wind, I cried:
"Master, what souls are these the very air
lashes with its black whips from side to side?" (46-51)
CIRCLE THREE: GLUTTONY
Canto VI: Cerberus--the Gluttons
Ciacco's political prophesies: through Ciacco's mouth, Dante retrospectively foretells the Florentine infightings that caused his lifelong banishment from his native land.
In what ways does Cerberus reflect the gluttons' sins?
CIRCLE FOUR: GREED
CIRCLE FIVE: WRATH
Canto VII: Circles 4 and 5--Plutus--the Hoarders and the Wasteful; the Wrathful and the Sullen
Why does Plutus guard the clerical sinners?
Why are the avaricious and the profligates condemned when Dame Fortune has favored them?
Canto VIII: Descent to Circle 6 via the Styx--Phlegyas--the Fallen Angels
The entrance of Dis
CIRCLE SIX: HERESY
Canto IX: the Heretics
The Furies and Medusa
Canto X: the Heretics and the Epicureans
Farinata and Cavalcanti the elder
Heretics (skeptics) are unable to know the present while given the foreknowledge of the future
Farinata's love of Florence and its dialect (Tuscan) is juxtaposed with Cavalcanti's fierce love for his son, Guido.
Canto XI:
Dante and Virgil rest by the tomb of Anastasius the Pope
Why is violence against self a condemnable sin?
According to the Old Testament (especially Genesis) why is usury a sin?
CIRCLE SEVEN: VIOLENCE
Canto XII: the Minotaur--the Centaurs--the Violent against Neighbors
What is the sin Alexander the Great and Attila have committed?
Canto XIII: Round 2--Harpies--the Violent against Themselves (Suicides)
What mode of punishment do suicides face?
Why does Dante gather scattered leaves and return them to the plant?
Canto XIV: Round 3--the Violent against God, Nature, and Art
How does Dante define blasphemy in this canto?
Why and how are the blasphemers scorched from below and above?
According to Dante, what is the origin story of the Acheron, Phlegethon, Styx, and Cocytus?
Canto XV: Round 3--the Violent against Nature
It is the night before Good Friday in 1300 when the persona Dante embarks his allegorical journey. What does Brunetto prophesize about Dante's future?
What "unnatural" sin did Brunetto Latini allegedly commit?
Canto XVI: Round 3--the Violent against Nature and Art
How does Dante summon the beast Geryon?
Canto XVII: Round 3--Geryon--the Violent against Art
Why does each of wraiths in this round carry an enormous purse?
CIRCLE 8: MALEBOLGE: FRAUD
Canto XVIII: Bolgias 1 and 2--the Panderers and Seducers
What sin did Jason, the leader of the Argonauts, commit and what is his punishment?
Canto XXIX: Bolgia 10--the Falsifiers
Canto XXX: Bolgia 10--The Falsifiers (Evil Impersonators, Counterfeiters, and False Witnesses)
Canto XXXI: the Central Pit of Malebolge--the Giants
Single out one epic simile and discuss its function in vivifying the central pit and the giants.
CIRCLE 9: COCYTUS: TREACHERY
Canto XXXII: Caina and Antenora--Compound Fraud, the Treacherous to Kin and to Country
How are brother killers punished?
How are traitors punished?
Canto XXXIII: Antenora and Ptolomea--Compound Fraud, the Treacherous to Country and to Hospitality
Canto XXXIV: Judecca and the Center of Hell--the Treacherous to Their Masters
Why do you think Lucifer gnaws Brutus and Cassius alongside Judas?
According to Dante, why is Inferno located in the center of the earth?
The Purgatorio
SHORE of the ISLAND
Canto I
Canto II
Canto III
Canto IV
Canto V
Canto VI
Why do you think this canto is longer than the others?
Why does Dante use multiple apostrophes in addressing the absentee figures such as Italy (lines 79-99), Albert of Austria (100-129), and Florence (130-155)?
Canto VII
Canto VIII: Ante-Purgatory--The Flowering Valley--The Negligent Rulers
How do such Biblical allusions as the Serpent and celestial falcons characterize the Flowering Valley?
Canto IX: The Gate of Purgatory--The Angel Guardian
How are the poets transported to the Golden Gate?
FIRST CORNICE: PRIDE
Canto X: the Whip of Pride
What does the "needle's eye" (16) symbolize?
Canto XI
Read lines 58-117 and discuss how pride of birth, pride of talent, and pride of temporal power are exemplified by the three penitents.
SECOND CORNICE: ENVY: CANTOS 13-15
THIRD CORNICE: WRATH: CANTOS 15-18
FOURTH CORNICE: SLOTH: CANTOS 18-19
Canto XVIII: the Fourth Cornice--the Slothful--the Whip of Sloth--the Rein of Sloth
What is the means of penitence that the slothful go through for purification? Read lines 88-114 carefully.
Canto XIX: the Ascent to the Fifth Cornice--the Slothful and the Avaricious
What does Dante's dream of the Siren signify? Read lines 7-36 carefully.
FIFTH CORNICE: AVARICE: CANTOS 19-22
Canto XX: the Hoarders and Wasters--the Whip of Avarice and the Rein of Avarice
Canto XXI: the Avaricious--Statius
According to Statius, what is the cause of the earthquakes?
Canto XXII: the Ascent to the Sixth Cornice--the Gluttons--the Tree and the Whip of Gluttony
SIXTH CORNICE: GLUTTONY: CANTOS 23--25
Canto XXIII: the Gluttons
What does OMO represent in Lines 31-42?
Canto XXIV: the Tree of Knowledge
How is the Rein of Gluttony allegorized in this canto?
Canto XXV: the Ascent to Seventh Cornice--the Whip of Lust
According to Statius, how can the shadows be emaciated? What do you think of the gendered division between the soul and the body as Statius compares them?
SEVENTH CORNICE: LUST: CANTOS 26-27
Canto XXVI: the Rein of Lust
How are the two groups of the lustful different from each other? And how do they mirror each other?
Canto XXVII: the Wall of Fire--the Angel of Chastity
Why do you think Dante has a prophetic dream about Leah and Rachel?
THE EARTHLY PARADISE: CANTOS 28-33
Symbolism of the Seven Heavenly Virtues
Three Theological Virtues: Hope, Faith, and Charity
Four Cardinal Virtues: Prudence, Justice, Fortitude, and Temperance
Canto XXVIII: the Earthly Paradise (Garden of Eden)--Lethe
Why can't Virgil and Statius accompany Dante any further?
According to Matilda, what are the two rivers that flow away from the Earthly Paradise? And what are their functions?
Canto XXIX: the Banks of Lethe--the Heavenly Pageant
What do you think Griffin, half-eagle and half-lion, signify?
Canto XXX: Virgil Vanishes--Beatrice
At last, we meet Beatrice. What do you think her white veil, olive crown, green cloak, and red flame skirting her cloak signify?
Read lines 121-132 and discuss the allegorical function Beatrice plays in Dante's writing.
Canto XXXI: Lethe--Beatrice and Matilda
Canto XXXII: Beatrice Unveiled--Departure of the Heavenly Pageant
Read lines 94-162 and summarize Dante's mythologized version of the history of the Catholic Church.
Who is the Harlot seated on the Beast?
Canto XXXIII: Eunoe--Dante's Purification Completed
What is the last word of The Purgatorio and what do you think it signified?
The Paradiso
The First Sphere: The Moon (the Inconstant)
Canto I
Read and analyze Dante's invocation of Apollo (lines 13-36).
Canto II
Analyze the diction and imagery used in the Moon landing tercets (lines 19-42).
Canto III
Why are Piccarda and Constance relegated to the lowest sphere?
Canto IV
Why is Dante troubled about Piccarda's placement and how does Beatrice expound the absolute will and the conditional will?
Canto V
What consequence did Jephthah and Agamemnon have to suffer after making headlong vows?
The Second Sphere: Mercury (the Ambitious) Emperor Justinian
Canto VI
Canto VII
The Third Sphere: Venus (the Lovers)
Canto VIII
Canto IX
In what ways are Folquet and Rahab different from Dido, "she of Rhodope," and Hercules?
How can Florence, according to Folquet's prophecy, reform its corrupt ways (lines 127-43)?
